اختبار آيلتس تجريبي.. Test B

اختبار آيلتس أكاديمي تجريبي كامل ومجاني من دليلك (Test B): القراءة (3 نصوص، 40 سؤالًا) والاستماع (4 أجزاء، 40 سؤالًا) والكتابة (مهمتان) والمحادثة (3 أجزاء). الإجابة الصحيحة والشرح تحت كل سؤال بضغطة على «اعرض الإجابة»، لمن يستعد للآيلتس ويريد يتدرّب ويراجع أخطاءه.

حل الأسئلة أولًا ثم افتح الإجابة، أو ابدأ الاختبار التفاعلي بالوقت ليُصحَّح تلقائيًا مع باند تقديري. أصوات الاستماع تعمل في الاختبار التفاعلي، ونصها هنا تحت كل جزء.

القراءة الأكاديمية.. Reading

3 نصوص و40 سؤالًا في 60 دقيقة.

ابدأ الاختبار التفاعلي بالوقت

Passage 1: The Domestication of the Horse: What the Bones and Genes Now Say

AFew animals have altered the course of human history as profoundly as the horse. Once tamed, it multiplied the speed at which people, goods and armies could move, and it remade trade, warfare and agriculture across three continents. Historians have long ranked the change alongside the invention of the wheel and the adoption of iron tools as one of the handful of technological shifts capable of reorganising an entire society within a few generations, and the horse's case is unusual only in how long it took specialists to agree on where and when that shift actually began. Yet for more than a century, archaeologists and geneticists have disputed the most basic facts of the story: where the first domestic horses appeared, and when. Only in the last decade has a coherent answer begun to emerge, and it has overturned much of what was once taught as settled fact. The stakes of getting the story right are not merely academic: the horse's arrival reorganised societies as far apart as the steppes of Central Asia and the river valleys of the Near East, and pinpointing its origin has become one of the most closely watched questions in archaeological science.

BFor years, the leading candidate was the Botai culture, a community of hunter-herders who lived in what is now northern Kazakhstan around 3500 BCE. Excavations at Botai settlements uncovered horse teeth bearing distinctive wear patterns consistent with the use of a bit, along with postholes interpreted as the remains of corrals. Chemical analysis of pottery fragments went further: lipid residues extracted from cooking vessels contained fatty compounds matching mare's milk, implying that the Botai were not only riding horses but milking them. On this evidence, many researchers concluded that Botai marked the site and moment of domestication.

CThat conclusion did not survive contact with ancient DNA. When geneticists sequenced genomes recovered from Botai horse bones, the animals turned out to belong to a distinct lineage.. one that is now recognised as ancestral not to the modern domestic horse but to the Przewalski's horse, the small, stocky wild subspecies that still roams the steppes of Mongolia. Whatever the Botai were doing with horses, it did not give rise to the population that today's domestic breeds descend from. The search for the true origin point had to start again.

DIt was resolved, provisionally, by a large-scale genomic survey published in 2021. An international team led by the palaeogeneticist Ludovic Orlando sequenced and compared more than 200 ancient horse genomes recovered from sites scattered across Eurasia, from Portugal to Mongolia. The genetic signal converged on a single homeland: the steppe of the lower Volga-Don region, north of the Caucasus, around 2200 BCE. Horses bearing this genetic signature are barely detectable in the region before that date and dominate the record almost everywhere else within a few centuries afterward.. a pattern the authors read as the signature of a genuine domestication event followed by an extraordinarily rapid expansion. The team cross-checked the genomic data against radiocarbon dates from the same skeletal remains, a step that allowed them to rule out several previously proposed origin regions, including Anatolia and the Iberian peninsula, both of which had featured in earlier hypotheses.

EWhat made the Volga-Don horses so successful was not size or speed alone. Comparing their genomes with those of earlier, undomesticated populations, the researchers identified two genes associated with docility and a third linked to a stronger back.. changes plausibly connected to selective breeding for animals that could be ridden and controlled. Within a few hundred years, this lineage had displaced almost every other horse population across Europe and Asia; only in peripheral regions such as Iberia and Anatolia did older, locally distinct populations persist for longer.

FThe timing of this expansion is difficult to separate from another development on the steppe: the spread of spoke-wheeled chariots. At Sintashta, a fortified settlement complex in the southern Ural steppe dated to around 2000 BCE, archaeologists have recovered burial graves containing complete chariots, their wheels fitted with spokes rather than the solid wooden discs used earlier. Some scholars now argue that the horse's genetic transformation and the chariot's mechanical one were parts of a single technological package, one that spread with unusual speed because it conferred a decisive military and economic advantage on whoever possessed it. Whether or not the two innovations were coordinated, their near-simultaneous appearance on the same stretch of steppe is, at minimum, a striking coincidence that continues to draw archaeologists back to the region.

posthole:
a hole dug into the ground to hold an upright wooden post; archaeologists use surviving postholes to reconstruct the outline of structures, such as fences or corrals, whose wood has long since decayed.
lipid residue:
microscopic traces of fat or oil molecules that survive for thousands of years inside porous pottery and can be identified through chemical analysis.
palaeogeneticist:
a scientist who extracts and studies DNA recovered from ancient bones or other remains.

أسئلة النص 1

Do the following statements agree with the information given in Reading Passage 1? Write TRUE if the statement agrees with the information, FALSE if the statement contradicts the information, NOT GIVEN if there is no information on this.

  1. 1The settlements at Botai are located in the southern part of Kazakhstan.

    TRUE / FALSE / NOT GIVEN

    اعرض الإجابة

    FALSE

    ""a community of hunter-herders who lived in what is now northern Kazakhstan" (Paragraph B)"

    ليش صحيح: النص يقول صراحة "شمال" كازاخستان، والعبارة تدّعي "جنوب"، وهو تناقض في عنصر واحد محدد (الاتجاه).

    ليش الباقي خطأ: ليست NOT GIVEN لأن الموقع مذكور صراحة؛ وليست TRUE لأن الاتجاه المذكور هو عكس ما جاء بالعبارة.

  2. 2Bit-wear marks on horse teeth were the only evidence that the Botai kept horses.

    TRUE / FALSE / NOT GIVEN

    اعرض الإجابة

    FALSE

    ""Excavations at Botai settlements uncovered horse teeth bearing distinctive wear patterns consistent with the use of a bit, along with postholes interpreted as the remains of corrals. Chemical analysis of pottery fragments went further: lipid residues extracted from cooking vessels contained fatty compounds matching mare's milk" (Paragraph B)"

    ليش صحيح: النص يذكر أدلة أخرى غير تآكل الأسنان الناتج عن اللجام.. الحظائر (postholes) وبقايا الحليب الدهنية (lipid residues).. مما يناقض مباشرة كلمة "only" في العبارة.

    ليش الباقي خطأ: ليست NOT GIVEN لأن أدلة إضافية مذكورة صراحة في نفس الفقرة؛ وليست TRUE لأن كلمة "only" تتعارض مع وجود أدلة أخرى مذكورة.

  3. 3The corrals identified at Botai settlements were large enough to hold several hundred horses at once.

    TRUE / FALSE / NOT GIVEN

    اعرض الإجابة

    NOT GIVEN

    ""postholes interpreted as the remains of corrals" (Paragraph B).. لا ذكر لأي رقم أو سعة."

    ليش صحيح: الحظائر مذكورة كموضوع لكن سعتها الرقمية غير مذكورة إثباتًا أو نفيًا.. adjacent anchor كلاسيكي.

    ليش الباقي خطأ: ليست TRUE لعدم ذكر الرقم؛ وليست FALSE لعدم وجود ما يناقض هذا الرقم تحديدًا.

  4. 4DNA testing confirmed that the Botai horses are the ancestors of today's domestic horse breeds.

    TRUE / FALSE / NOT GIVEN

    اعرض الإجابة

    FALSE

    ""ancestral not to the modern domestic horse but to the Przewalski's horse" (Paragraph C)"

    ليش صحيح: النص ينفي هذا الادعاء صراحة ويذكر أن الأسلاف هم حصان Przewalski البري، لا السلالة المستأنسة الحديثة.

    ليش الباقي خطأ: ليست NOT GIVEN لوجود نفي صريح؛ وليست TRUE لأن العبارة تدّعي عكس المؤكد في النص.

  5. 5The genetic material used in the 2021 study was drawn exclusively from museum specimens.

    TRUE / FALSE / NOT GIVEN

    اعرض الإجابة

    NOT GIVEN

    ""more than 200 ancient horse genomes recovered from sites scattered across Eurasia" (Paragraph D).. لا ذكر لكونها من متاحف حصرًا."

    ليش صحيح: مصدر العينات (مواقع أثرية) مذكور لكن دون تحديد "متاحف حصرًا".. لا إثبات ولا نفي.

    ليش الباقي خطأ: ليست TRUE لعدم ذكر ذلك؛ وليست FALSE لعدم وجود تصريح يناقضه تحديدًا.

  6. 6Iberia and Anatolia were among the few regions where older, locally distinct horse populations survived longer than elsewhere.

    TRUE / FALSE / NOT GIVEN

    اعرض الإجابة

    TRUE

    ""only in peripheral regions such as Iberia and Anatolia did older, locally distinct populations persist for longer" (Paragraph E)"

    ليش صحيح: إعادة صياغة مباشرة لنفس الاستثناء المذكور بالاسم في النص.

    ليش الباقي خطأ: ليست FALSE لعدم وجود تناقض؛ وليست NOT GIVEN لأن الاستثناء مذكور صراحة.

Complete the table below. Choose NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS from the passage for each answer.

Key sites in the archaeology of horse domestication

Approximate date associated with the Botai culture(7) ________
Substance identified in residues on Botai pottery(8) ________
What genetic testing showed the Botai horses were ancestral to(9) ________
Approximate date now assigned to the domestication of the Volga-Don population(10) ________
Approximate number of ancient horse genomes analysed in the 2021 study(11) ________
Trait identified in the Volga-Don horses, alongside a stronger back(12) ________
Type of vehicle found buried in graves at Sintashta(13) ________

  1. 7Question 7

    اعرض الإجابة

    3500 BCE

    ""a community of hunter-herders who lived in what is now northern Kazakhstan around 3500 BCE" (Paragraph B)"

    ليش صحيح: التاريخ التقريبي المرتبط بثقافة Botai مذكور صراحة في نفس الجملة، وضمن حد الكلمتين.

    ليش الباقي خطأ: التواريخ الأخرى المذكورة في النص (2200 BCE لساكنة الفولغا-الدون، 2000 BCE لـ Sintashta) تخص مواقع وفترات مختلفة تمامًا.

  2. 8Question 8

    اعرض الإجابة

    mare's milk

    ""lipid residues extracted from cooking vessels contained fatty compounds matching mare's milk" (Paragraph B)"

    ليش صحيح: هي الصياغة الحرفية للمادة المكتشفة.

    ليش الباقي خطأ: "fat" أو "residue" وحدهما لا يحددان المادة كما يطلب الجدول.

  3. 9Question 9

    اعرض الإجابة

    Przewalski's horse

    ""ancestral ... to the Przewalski's horse" (Paragraph C)"

    ليش صحيح: الاسم المحدد صراحة كنتيجة الفحص الجيني.

    ليش الباقي خطأ: "modern domestic horse" هو بالضبط ما نفاه النص، فهو مفخخ لمن لا يتتبع أداة النفي.

  4. 10Question 10

    اعرض الإجابة

    2200 BCE

    ""around 2200 BCE" (Paragraph D)"

    ليش صحيح: التاريخ المحدد صراحة لساكنة الفولغا-الدون.

    ليش الباقي خطأ: 3500 BCE و2000 BCE يخصان مواقع أخرى (Botai وSintashta).

  5. 11Question 11

    اعرض الإجابة

    200

    ""more than 200 ancient horse genomes" (Paragraph D)"

    ليش صحيح: العدد التقريبي المذكور صراحة.

    ليش الباقي خطأ: أي رقم آخر غير مدعوم بالنص؛ و"over 200" غير مقبولة لأن كلمة "over" ليست من النص (الذي يستخدم "more than")، والصياغة "more than 200" تتجاوز حد الكلمتين.

  6. 12Question 12

    اعرض الإجابة

    docility

    ""two genes associated with docility" (Paragraph E)"

    ليش صحيح: الصفة المذكورة صراحة إلى جانب الظهر الأقوى.

    ليش الباقي خطأ: "stronger back" هي القيمة المعطاة في الجدول نفسه، وليست الفراغ المطلوب.

  7. 13Question 13

    اعرض الإجابة

    spoke-wheeled chariots / chariots

    ""complete chariots, their wheels fitted with spokes rather than the solid wooden discs used earlier" (Paragraph F)"

    ليش صحيح: مطابقة حرفية (الكلمة المركبة بشرطة تُحسب كلمة واحدة)؛ "chariots" وحدها مقبولة أيضًا لأن جملة Sintashta نفسها تنص على "complete chariots ... fitted with spokes".

    ليش الباقي خطأ: "solid wooden discs" تصف العجلات الأقدم التي حلّت محلها هذه المركبات، فهي عكس الإجابة.

Passage 2: Making the Sea Drinkable: The Economics and Engineering of Desalination

AFresh water is not, strictly speaking, scarce: the oceans hold more than 97 per cent of the planet's water. The difficulty has always been the salt. Desalination.. the industrial process of stripping dissolved salts from seawater or brackish groundwater.. has moved from a marginal, energy-hungry curiosity to a mainstream part of the global water supply. More than 20,000 desalination plants now operate worldwide, producing tens of billions of litres of drinking water every day, concentrated heavily in arid and coastal regions where conventional freshwater sources cannot keep pace with demand. Governments in the Middle East and North Africa now treat desalination capacity as a matter of national infrastructure planning rather than emergency drought relief, budgeting for it years in advance alongside roads and power grids.

BTwo broad families of technology compete to do this work. Thermal methods, principally multi-stage flash (MSF) and multi-effect distillation (MED), heat seawater until it evaporates and then condense the vapour as fresh water, leaving the salts behind. Membrane methods, chiefly reverse osmosis (RO), instead force seawater at high pressure through a semi-permeable membrane that allows water molecules through while blocking dissolved salts. Thermal plants dominated the industry through the 1960s and 1970s; since then, steady improvements in membrane materials and manufacturing have pushed reverse osmosis into the lead, and it now accounts for the large majority of new desalination capacity installed each year.

CThe clearest illustration of that shift is energy consumption. Early reverse osmosis plants, built before membrane technology matured, needed powerful high-pressure pumps to force water through the membrane and consumed as much as 8 kilowatt-hours per cubic metre of fresh water produced. The greatest single improvement since then has come from energy recovery devices, which capture the pressure still held by the concentrated, rejected brine stream as it leaves the membrane system and use it to help pressurise the incoming seawater. With modern energy recovery devices fitted, the newest large-scale plants now operate at around 3 kilowatt-hours per cubic metre, cutting the load placed on the high-pressure pumps by more than half.

DRemoving the concentrated brine that results from the process is not a simple undertaking. For every litre of fresh water produced, a plant generates roughly one to one-and-a-half litres of brine, a stream containing not only salt at nearly double seawater concentration but also residues of the chemicals used to clean membranes and prevent fouling. Discharged carelessly, this dense, warm effluent can sink and spread along the seabed, starving local marine life of oxygen. Regulatory approval for a new plant increasingly hinges on demonstrating that brine will be diluted rapidly, typically through diffuser systems that disperse it across a wide area, and disposal now accounts for a significant share of both the capital cost of construction and the ongoing cost of operation. Some operators have begun mixing brine with treated wastewater before release, a practice that dilutes salinity further and has been credited with reducing measurable harm to nearby seabed ecosystems in several pilot programmes.

EThe pattern of adoption has varied sharply by region. In the Gulf states, thermal desalination dominated for decades, in large part because MSF and MED plants could be built alongside power stations and run on otherwise-wasted heat from electricity generation, an arrangement known as cogeneration. Many of these states are now shifting toward reverse osmosis or hybrid thermal-membrane plants as electricity costs and environmental scrutiny rise. Israel offers the most striking case of a full transition: a national programme of large reverse osmosis plants built along the Mediterranean coast since the early 2000s now supplies roughly four-fifths of the country's domestic water consumption, a scale of dependence on desalination unmatched anywhere else. Saudi Arabia, historically among the largest thermal desalination operators in the world, has likewise committed to a gradual shift toward reverse osmosis at several of its newest coastal facilities.

FResearch is now aimed at bringing down both the energy cost and the brine burden at once. Laboratories are testing membranes built from graphene oxide and other nanoscale materials, engineered with pores fine enough to block salt ions while offering less resistance to water flow than conventional polymer membranes, which in principle would lower pumping energy further still. A separate line of development couples reverse osmosis units directly to solar photovoltaic arrays, allowing small, modular plants to operate off-grid in remote coastal communities. Neither approach has yet reached the scale of the conventional industry, but both point toward a desalination sector that could, within a generation, use markedly less energy and leave a lighter footprint on the water it draws from.

cogeneration:
the combined production of electricity and useful heat from a single energy source, so that heat that would otherwise be wasted is put to productive use.
brine:
the concentrated, salt-rich liquid left over after fresh water has been removed from seawater.
membrane fouling:
the build-up of particles, organic matter or scale on a membrane's surface, which reduces its efficiency over time.

أسئلة النص 2

Reading Passage 2 has six paragraphs, A–F. Which paragraph contains the following information? Write the correct letter, A–F. NB You may use any letter more than once.

  • AParagraph A
  • BParagraph B
  • CParagraph C
  • DParagraph D
  • EParagraph E
  • FParagraph F

  1. 14a comparison between the amount of energy required by desalination methods in the past and today

    اعرض الإجابة

    C.. Paragraph C

    ""consumed as much as 8 kilowatt-hours per cubic metre ... the newest large-scale plants now operate at around 3 kilowatt-hours per cubic metre" (Paragraph C)"

    ليش صحيح: الفقرة الوحيدة التي تقارن استهلاك الطاقة برقمين محددين قديمًا وحديثًا.

    ليش الباقي خطأ: فقرات أخرى تذكر الطاقة بشكل عابر دون مقارنة رقمية مباشرة.

  2. 15a mention of a country that now obtains the great majority of its domestic water from desalination

    اعرض الإجابة

    E.. Paragraph E

    ""now supplies roughly four-fifths of the country's domestic water consumption" (Paragraph E)"

    ليش صحيح: الفقرة الوحيدة التي تسمي دولة (إسرائيل) وتربطها بنسبة غالبة من المياه.

    ليش الباقي خطأ: الفقرة D تتحدث عن دول الخليج عمومًا دون نسبة محددة لدولة واحدة.

  3. 16an explanation of why removing brine from the sea is not a simple undertaking

    اعرض الإجابة

    D.. Paragraph D

    ""Removing the concentrated brine that results from the process is not a simple undertaking" (Paragraph D)"

    ليش صحيح: شرح مباشر لصعوبة التخلص من المياه المالحة.

    ليش الباقي خطأ: الفقرة C تذكر brine في سياق الطاقة لا في سياق صعوبة التخلص منها.

  4. 17a mention of a technology designed specifically to reduce the load placed on the high-pressure pumps

    اعرض الإجابة

    C.. Paragraph C

    ""The greatest single improvement since then has come from energy recovery devices, which capture the pressure still held by the concentrated, rejected brine stream as it leaves the membrane system and use it to help pressurise the incoming seawater ... cutting the load placed on the high-pressure pumps by more than half" (Paragraph C)"

    ليش صحيح: هذه الفقرة هي التي تذكر تحديدًا تقنية (أجهزة استعادة الطاقة) صُممت خصيصًا لتقليل الحمل على المضخات عالية الضغط.

    ليش الباقي خطأ: الفقرة F تذكر خفض pumping energy بشكل عام ضمن أبحاث مستقبلية، لكنها لا تستخدم عبارة high-pressure pumps المحددة الواردة في الفقرة C تحديدًا.

  5. 18a distinction drawn between two broad categories of desalination technology

    اعرض الإجابة

    B.. Paragraph B

    ""Two broad families of technology compete to do this work. Thermal methods ... Membrane methods ..." (Paragraph B)"

    ليش صحيح: التصنيف الثنائي الصريح للتقنيات.

    ليش الباقي خطأ: فقرات أخرى تتناول تقنية واحدة بالتفصيل دون التصنيف الثنائي.

Complete the summary below. Choose NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS from the passage for each answer.

Cutting the energy cost of reverse osmosis

Early reverse osmosis plants needed powerful pumps and used as much as (19) ________ per cubic metre of water produced.

The improvement responsible for the greatest fall in energy use is a device that captures pressure from the rejected (20) ________ stream as it leaves the system.

Because of this technology, the newest plants now consume around (21) ________ per cubic metre.. roughly half the earlier figure.. which reduces the load placed on the (22) ________.

  1. 19Question 19

    اعرض الإجابة

    8 kilowatt-hours

    ""consumed as much as 8 kilowatt-hours per cubic metre of fresh water produced" (Paragraph C)"

    ليش صحيح: الرقم القديم مذكور حرفيًا ضمن حد الكلمتين.

    ليش الباقي خطأ: "3 kilowatt-hours" يخص المحطات الحديثة، وهو مطلوب في فراغ آخر.

  2. 20Question 20

    اعرض الإجابة

    brine

    ""capture the pressure still held by the concentrated, rejected brine stream" (Paragraph C)"

    ليش صحيح: المادة المحددة صراحة كمصدر الضغط المستعاد.

    ليش الباقي خطأ: "seawater" هي التي تُضغط باستخدام الطاقة المستعادة، لا المصدر نفسه.

  3. 21Question 21

    اعرض الإجابة

    3 kilowatt-hours

    ""the newest large-scale plants now operate at around 3 kilowatt-hours per cubic metre" (Paragraph C)"

    ليش صحيح: الرقم الحديث المطابق تمامًا للسياق.

    ليش الباقي خطأ: استخدام الرقم القديم هنا يعكس ترتيب الأحداث الزمني في النص.

  4. 22Question 22

    اعرض الإجابة

    high-pressure pumps

    ""cutting the load placed on the high-pressure pumps by more than half" (Paragraph C)"

    ليش صحيح: العنصر الذي قلّت عليه الحمولة، مذكور حرفيًا.

    ليش الباقي خطأ: "membrane" ليست هي ما قلّت عليه الحمولة مباشرة حسب صياغة النص.

Choose the correct letter, A, B, C or D.

  1. 23According to the passage, what mainly explains reverse osmosis overtaking thermal desalination since the 1970s?

    1. A. Thermal plants became too expensive to build near coastlines
    2. B. Governments began restricting the use of fossil fuels for heating seawater
    3. C. Steady advances in membrane materials and manufacturing improved reverse osmosis
    4. D. Reverse osmosis plants require no pretreatment of incoming seawater
    اعرض الإجابة

    C. Steady advances in membrane materials and manufacturing improved reverse osmosis

    ""since then, steady improvements in membrane materials and manufacturing have pushed reverse osmosis into the lead" (Paragraph B)"

    ليش صحيح: النص يربط التحول صراحة بتحسّن المواد الغشائية والتصنيع.

    ليش الباقي خطأ: (A) لم تُذكر تكلفة المحطات الحرارية قرب السواحل؛ (B) لا ذكر لقيود حكومية على الوقود؛ (D) يناقضه ذكر مواد التنظيف في الفقرة D.

  2. 24Why does brine disposal add significantly to the cost of running a desalination plant?

    1. A. Brine must be shipped to specialised processing facilities inland
    2. B. Regulatory approval increasingly requires proof that brine will be diluted quickly after release
    3. C. Brine can no longer legally be returned to the sea under any circumstances
    4. D. The chemicals used to treat brine cost more than those used to purify seawater
    اعرض الإجابة

    B. Regulatory approval increasingly requires proof that brine will be diluted quickly after release

    ""Regulatory approval for a new plant increasingly hinges on demonstrating that brine will be diluted rapidly" (Paragraph D)"

    ليش صحيح: السبب المحدد صراحة لارتفاع التكلفة.

    ليش الباقي خطأ: (A) غير مذكور؛ (C) يناقض النص الذي يوضح إعادة المياه المالحة للبحر عبر diffusers؛ (D) لا مقارنة تكلفة.

  3. 25What historically allowed Gulf states to rely heavily on thermal desalination?

    1. A. Extensive government subsidies for imported fresh water
    2. B. The ability to build MSF and MED plants alongside power stations and use surplus heat
    3. C. A shortage of suitable coastline for reverse osmosis membranes
    4. D. Early adoption of nanoscale membrane technology
    اعرض الإجابة

    B. The ability to build MSF and MED plants alongside power stations and use surplus heat

    ""MSF and MED plants could be built alongside power stations and run on otherwise-wasted heat from electricity generation, an arrangement known as cogeneration" (Paragraph E)"

    ليش صحيح: السبب التاريخي المحدد صراحة.

    ليش الباقي خطأ: (A) و(C) غير مذكورين؛ (D) تخص الفقرة F (المستقبل) لا التاريخ.

  4. 26What is the shared aim of the two innovations described in the final paragraph?

    1. A. To eliminate the need for reverse osmosis membranes entirely
    2. B. To lower both energy consumption and the volume of brine produced
    3. C. To make every desalination plant independent of any electricity supply
    4. D. To replace seawater intake with rainwater harvesting
    اعرض الإجابة

    B. To lower both energy consumption and the volume of brine produced

    ""Research is now aimed at bringing down both the energy cost and the brine burden at once" (Paragraph F)"

    ليش صحيح: الصياغة الحرفية للهدف المشترك.

    ليش الباقي خطأ: (A) الأغشية النانوية لا تزال أغشية؛ (C) النص يخص محطات صغيرة فقط، لا كل المحطات؛ (D) غير مذكور.

Passage 3: The Attention Economy and the Future of Deep Reading

AType "the death of reading" into a search engine and the results stretch back further than most people expect.. variations on the complaint have surfaced with each new communications technology since the telegraph. What is different about the current version of the anxiety is that it now has a name, coined decades before smartphones existed. In 1971, the economist and cognitive scientist Herbert Simon observed that "a wealth of information creates a poverty of attention," warning that as the volume of available information grows, the scarce resource shifts from information itself to the human capacity to attend to it. Simon's remark, made in an essay about organisational decision-making, has since become the founding text of what is now called the attention economy: an economic order in which companies compete not for money directly but for the finite minutes of human attention that can later be converted into advertising revenue. None of this makes the attention economy trivial; it simply means the phenomenon should be assessed on its own evidence rather than on the strength of the alarm it provokes.

BThe most influential recent case against this economy's effect on reading came from the journalist Nicholas Carr, whose 2010 book argued that the internet is not simply a new source of distraction but an active force reshaping the brain's circuitry. Carr drew on the concept of neuroplasticity.. the nervous system's demonstrated capacity to reorganise itself in response to repeated experience.. to suggest that habitual skimming, clicking and switching between short bursts of digital content trains the brain toward shallow, fragmented attention and away from the sustained concentration that long-form reading requires. Genuine neuroscience research lends the claim partial support. The cognitive neuroscientist Maryanne Wolf, who studies how the brain learns to read, has identified what she calls the deep reading circuit: a network of neural pathways, built up gradually and only through extended practice, that supports the kind of slow, inferential, emotionally engaged reading a novel demands. Wolf's concern is not that this circuit disappears, but that it can be crowded out.. that a brain trained mainly on rapid digital scanning may increasingly default to a skimming pattern even when the material in front of it calls for something deeper.

CNot every researcher accepts the more alarming versions of this argument. The cognitive scientist Steven Pinker has pointed out that near-identical panics greeted the printing press, the novel, the telegraph, radio and television, each accused in turn of shortening attention spans and coarsening the mind, and each subsequently absorbed into ordinary life without the predicted collapse of serious thought. On this view, new media do not so much damage cognition as demand a different, not necessarily inferior, configuration of skills.. rapid evaluation, filtering and multitasking rather than sustained linear absorption.. and treating the older configuration as the only legitimate one risks mistaking unfamiliarity for decline. Pinker's broader point is methodological as much as historical: sweeping claims about cognitive decline are easy to state and satisfying to believe, but they are rarely tested against a careful baseline of how earlier generations actually read.

DIt is also worth noting that the commercial competition for attention did not begin with the smartphone. The legal scholar Tim Wu has traced the industrialised pursuit of human attention back to the patent medicine advertisements and mass-circulation newspapers of the nineteenth century, arguing that every subsequent communications medium.. radio, television, and now the smartphone.. has been captured in turn by essentially the same commercial logic: harvest attention first, monetise it second. Framed this way, the present moment looks less like an unprecedented rupture and more like the latest and most efficient iteration of a competition that is well over a century old.

EWhere does this leave the practice of deep reading itself? The computer scientist Cal Newport, whose work on concentration has been widely read outside academic circles, argues that the capacity for what he calls deep work.. extended, undistracted engagement with a single cognitively demanding task.. functions like a trainable skill rather than a fixed trait: it atrophies with disuse and strengthens with deliberate, scheduled practice, in much the same way physical stamina does. Newport's comparison to physical training is more than a metaphor: several of the concentration-building routines he recommends, such as scheduling fixed blocks of uninterrupted work and treating them as non-negotiable appointments, are borrowed directly from athletic periodisation. That framing seems, on balance, the more useful one for readers and educators alike. The evidence that constant notification-driven switching fragments concentration in the short term is by now hard to dispute; anyone who has tried to finish a chapter with a phone buzzing nearby has felt it directly. But the claim that this fragmentation permanently rewires the brain into an unreadable state overstates what neuroplasticity research actually shows, which is a capacity for change in both directions, not a one-way slide. Deep reading, in other words, is not a relic under irreversible threat; it is a skill that specific habits erode and specific habits can rebuild.

neuroplasticity:
the nervous system's capacity to reorganise its structure and connections in response to experience, learning or practice.
deep work:
a term for extended, undistracted concentration on a single cognitively demanding task.

أسئلة النص 3

Do the following statements agree with the claims of the writer in Reading Passage 3? Write YES if the statement agrees with the claims of the writer, NO if the statement contradicts the claims of the writer, NOT GIVEN if it is impossible to say what the writer thinks about this.

  1. 27The writer regards concern about shrinking attention spans as a wholly new phenomenon in human history.

    YES / NO / NOT GIVEN

    اعرض الإجابة

    NO

    ""the present moment looks less like an unprecedented rupture and more like the latest ... iteration of a competition that is well over a century old" (Paragraph D)"

    ليش صحيح: الكاتب يرفض صراحة فكرة أن اللحظة الحالية غير مسبوقة.

    ليش الباقي خطأ: ليست YES لأن الرأي معاكس؛ وليست NOT GIVEN لأن الرفض مذكور صراحة.

  2. 28The writer accepts that habitual switching between short pieces of digital content can fragment concentration in the short term.

    YES / NO / NOT GIVEN

    اعرض الإجابة

    YES

    ""The evidence that constant notification-driven switching fragments concentration in the short term is by now hard to dispute" (Paragraph E)"

    ليش صحيح: الكاتب يصرّح مباشرة بأن هذا التشتت قصير المدى يصعب إنكاره.

    ليش الباقي خطأ: ليست NO لعدم وجود تناقض؛ وليست NOT GIVEN لأن الرأي مذكور صراحة.

  3. 29The writer has personally struggled to finish a novel because of interruptions from a smartphone.

    YES / NO / NOT GIVEN

    اعرض الإجابة

    NOT GIVEN

    ""anyone who has tried to finish a chapter with a phone buzzing nearby has felt it directly" (Paragraph E).. عبارة عامة لا اعتراف شخصي."

    ليش صحيح: الموضوع نفسه مذكور كتجربة عامة، لا كتجربة شخصية محددة للكاتب.

    ليش الباقي خطأ: ليست YES لعدم وجود اعتراف شخصي صريح؛ وليست NO لعدم وجود ما يناقض الفكرة العامة.

  4. 30The writer maintains that neuroplastic changes caused by heavy internet use can never be reversed.

    YES / NO / NOT GIVEN

    اعرض الإجابة

    NO

    ""the claim that this fragmentation permanently rewires the brain ... overstates what neuroplasticity research actually shows, which is a capacity for change in both directions" (Paragraph E)"

    ليش صحيح: الكاتب يرفض صراحة فكرة أن التغيرات لا يمكن عكسها أبدًا.

    ليش الباقي خطأ: ليست YES لأن الرأي معاكس تمامًا؛ وليست NOT GIVEN لأن الرفض مذكور بوضوح.

  5. 31The writer holds that sustained, focused reading remains achievable if it is deliberately and regularly practised.

    YES / NO / NOT GIVEN

    اعرض الإجابة

    YES

    ""it is a skill that specific habits erode and specific habits can rebuild" (Paragraph E)"

    ليش صحيح: خلاصة موقف الكاتب.. القراءة العميقة قابلة للاستعادة بالممارسة المتعمدة.

    ليش الباقي خطأ: ليست NO لعدم وجود تناقض؛ وليست NOT GIVEN لأنها خلاصة الفقرة صراحة.

  6. 32The writer recommends a specific number of minutes that should be spent reading without digital interruption each day.

    YES / NO / NOT GIVEN

    اعرض الإجابة

    NOT GIVEN

    "لا يوجد أي رقم أو جدول زمني مذكور في أي فقرة؛ الكاتب يناقش مبدأ الممارسة المتعمدة عمومًا في الفقرة E."

    ليش صحيح: الكاتب يناقش مبدأ الممارسة المتعمدة عمومًا في الفقرة E دون رقم محدد.

    ليش الباقي خطأ: ليست YES لعدم وجود رقم؛ وليست NO لعدم وجود ما يناقض وجود توصية رقمية أصلاً.

Look at the following statements and the list of people below. Match each statement with the correct person, A–F. NB You may use any letter more than once.

  • AHerbert Simon
  • BNicholas Carr
  • CMaryanne Wolf
  • DCal Newport
  • ESteven Pinker
  • FTim Wu

  1. 33coined a phrase describing the abundance of information as producing a shortage of attention

    اعرض الإجابة

    A.. Herbert Simon

    ""Herbert Simon observed that 'a wealth of information creates a poverty of attention'" (Paragraph A)"

    ليش صحيح: العبارة منسوبة صراحة لـ Simon.

    ليش الباقي خطأ: باقي الأسماء لهم ادعاءات مختلفة تمامًا في فقرات أخرى.

  2. 34warned that a brain trained mainly on rapid digital scanning risks defaulting to skimming even when the material calls for deeper engagement

    اعرض الإجابة

    C.. Maryanne Wolf

    ""Wolf's concern is not that this circuit disappears, but that it can be crowded out.. that a brain trained mainly on rapid digital scanning may increasingly default to a skimming pattern even when the material in front of it calls for something deeper" (Paragraph B)"

    ليش صحيح: Wolf هي من عبّرت عن هذا القلق تحديدًا.. أن الدماغ المعتاد على المسح الرقمي السريع قد يتحول افتراضيًا إلى نمط التصفح السطحي.

    ليش الباقي خطأ: Carr يتحدث عن إعادة تشكيل الدماغ عمومًا نتيجة التصفح الرقمي، لكن هذا القلق المحدد منسوب صراحة لـ Wolf.

  3. 35compared today's concerns about technology to anxieties raised about earlier inventions

    اعرض الإجابة

    E.. Steven Pinker

    ""Steven Pinker has pointed out that near-identical panics greeted the printing press, the novel, the telegraph, radio and television" (Paragraph C)"

    ليش صحيح: Pinker هو من قارن القلق الحالي بمخاوف سابقة تجاه اختراعات أقدم.

    ليش الباقي خطأ: Tim Wu يتحدث عن تاريخ المنافسة التجارية لا عن الذعر من الاختراعات نفسها.

  4. 36argued that the commercial competition for human attention began long before the digital era

    اعرض الإجابة

    F.. Tim Wu

    ""Tim Wu has traced the industrialised pursuit of human attention back to the patent medicine advertisements and mass-circulation newspapers of the nineteenth century, arguing that every subsequent communications medium ... has been captured in turn by essentially the same commercial logic" (Paragraph D)"

    ليش صحيح: Wu هو من ربط المنافسة التجارية على الانتباه بجذور تعود إلى ما قبل العصر الرقمي بكثير.. عائدًا بها إلى إعلانات الأدوية الطبية الشعبية والصحف الجماهيرية القديمة.

    ليش الباقي خطأ: Simon يتحدث عن ندرة الانتباه اقتصاديًا دون تأريخ للمنافسة التجارية القديمة تحديدًا.

  5. 37claimed that the capacity for deep concentration can be deliberately strengthened through practice

    اعرض الإجابة

    D.. Cal Newport

    ""Cal Newport ... argues that the capacity for what he calls deep work ... strengthens with deliberate, scheduled practice" (Paragraph E)"

    ليش صحيح: Newport هو من طرح فكرة أن التركيز العميق مهارة تُقوّى بالتمرّن المتعمد.

    ليش الباقي خطأ: Wolf تتحدث عن وجود شبكة عصبية لكنها لا تصفها كمهارة قابلة للتدريب المتعمد بنفس صياغة Newport.

Answer the questions below. Choose NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS from the passage for each answer.

  1. 38In what year did Herbert Simon first put forward his idea about information and attention?

    اعرض الإجابة

    1971

    ""In 1971, the economist and cognitive scientist Herbert Simon observed that..." (Paragraph A)"

    ليش صحيح: التاريخ المحدد صراحة المرتبط بفكرة Simon.

    ليش الباقي خطأ: 2010 يخص كتاب Carr، وليس فكرة Simon.

  2. 39What term does Maryanne Wolf use for the neural network built up through extended reading practice?

    اعرض الإجابة

    deep reading circuit

    ""has identified what she calls the deep reading circuit" (Paragraph B)"

    ليش صحيح: المصطلح الحرفي المكوّن من ثلاث كلمات كما ورد بالضبط.

    ليش الباقي خطأ: "neural pathways" وصف عام للشبكة، وليس المصطلح المحدد الذي تستخدمه Wolf.

  3. 40According to Tim Wu, in which century did the commercial pursuit of human attention begin?

    اعرض الإجابة

    nineteenth century

    ""the patent medicine advertisements and mass-circulation newspapers of the nineteenth century" (Paragraph D)"

    ليش صحيح: القرن المحدد صراحة الذي يعزو إليه Tim Wu بداية هذه المنافسة.

    ليش الباقي خطأ: أي قرن آخر غير مذكور في هذا السياق التحديدي.

الاستماع.. Listening

4 أجزاء و40 سؤالًا في 32 دقيقة تقريبًا. في الاختبار التفاعلي يُشغَّل الصوت مرة واحدة فقط.

ابدأ الاختبار التفاعلي بالوقت

Part 1

A telephone call. A customer phones a home-internet provider to arrange a new installation.

Example.. Customer surname → Harrison

Complete the form below. Write NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS AND/OR A NUMBER for each answer.

Home Internet Installation Booking Form

First name: (1) ________

House number: (2) ________

Street name: (3) ________

Postcode: (4) ________

Current provider: (5) ________

Mobile number: (6) ________

  1. 1Question 1

    اعرض الإجابة

    Antonia

    "It's Antonia, A-N-T-O-N-I-A.. though everyone just calls me Toni."

    ليش صحيح: الاسم مهجّى بوضوح حرف بحرف مباشرة بعد السؤال، وهذا يطابق قانون «اجابتك مضمونة عند التهجئة».

    ليش الباقي خطأ: 'Toni' اسم دلع غير رسمي؛ كتابته بدل 'Antonia' إجابة خاطئة رغم أنه مذكور بصوت مسموع.

  2. 2Question 2

    اعرض الإجابة

    42

    "Yes, it's number forty-two."

    ليش صحيح: رقم واضح ومباشر يُذكر فور طرح السؤال عن العنوان.

    ليش الباقي خطأ: لا يوجد رقم منافس؛ أي رقم آخر خطأ صريح.

  3. 3Question 3

    اعرض الإجابة

    Wrenfield Close

    "W-R-E-N-F-I-E-L-D, then Close."

    ليش صحيح: الاسم يُهجّى حرفًا بحرف بطلب صريح ثم يُعاد تأكيده، إشارة مضمونة للإجابة.

    ليش الباقي خطأ: كتابة الاسم بدون 'Close' تُعتبر ناقصة لأنها جزء من الاسم الرسمي المهجّى بالكامل.

  4. 4Question 4

    اعرض الإجابة

    BT4 2QR

    "It's BT4 2QR."

    ليش صحيح: الرمز البريدي يُقرأ كسلسلة حروف-أرقام ويُكرَّر فورًا للتأكيد.

    ليش الباقي خطأ: لا يوجد رمز منافس؛ أي اختلاف بالحروف/الأرقام يُعتبر خطأ إملائي.

  5. 5Question 5

    اعرض الإجابة

    Skyline Broadband

    "we're with Skyline Broadband at the moment, but the connection's been really unreliable"

    ليش صحيح: اسم الشركة الحالية مذكور بوضوح كإجابة مباشرة على سؤال المزوّد الحالي.

    ليش الباقي خطأ: 'NetLink Home' اسم الشركة الجديدة وليس الحالية.. عكس المطلوب تمامًا.

  6. 6Question 6

    اعرض الإجابة

    0791 234 8856

    "it's 0791 234 8856."

    ليش صحيح: الرقم يُملى بوضوح ثم يُكرَّر فورًا للتأكيد.

    ليش الباقي خطأ: لا يوجد رقم آخر مذكور؛ الخطر الوحيد خطأ نسخ أثناء الاستماع السريع.

Complete the notes below. Write NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS AND/OR A NUMBER for each answer.

Installation appointment

Day: (7) ________

Time (final): (8) ________

First bill total: (9) ________

  1. 7Question 7

    اعرض الإجابة

    Tuesday

    "Are you free next Tuesday?.. Tuesday should be fine, yes, that works for us."

    ليش صحيح: يوم الثلاثاء يُقترح ويُوافق عليه العميل صراحة دون أي تراجع لاحق.

    ليش الباقي خطأ: لا يوجد يوم آخر يُطرح في هذا الجزء.

  2. 8Question 8

    اعرض الإجابة

    4 o'clock / four o'clock / 4pm

    "Could we make it four o'clock instead?.. Four o'clock, that's absolutely fine."

    ليش صحيح: مثال كلاسيكي على «الكلمات المعبرة عن تغيير الرأي».. القرار النهائي يتغير من الثانية إلى الرابعة ويُؤكَّد.

    ليش الباقي خطأ: '2 o'clock/2pm' هو الفخ المباشر: الإجابة الأولى قبل التراجع؛ كتابتها تعني عدم تتبع آخر التزام فعلي.

  3. 9Question 9

    اعرض الإجابة

    £43 / 43 pounds

    "your very first bill will actually come to forty-three pounds, since that includes the fifteen-pound router fee on top of the usual twenty-eight."

    ليش صحيح: رقم نتيجة عملية جمع صريحة (28+15=43)، فخ التجميع الحسابي المذكور في المعيار §7.

    ليش الباقي خطأ: '£28' الاشتراك الشهري وحده و'£15' رسم المعدات وحده فقط.. كلاهما رقم صحيح لكن غير مكتمل دون الجمع.

Choose the correct letter, A, B or C.

  1. 10Which package does the customer choose?

    1. A. Essential
    2. B. Home Plus
    3. C. Ultra
    اعرض الإجابة

    B. Home Plus

    "the one with the free router upgrade sounds useful actually. Let's go with that one. (the agent had earlier said: "Home Plus, which includes a free router upgrade")"

    ليش صحيح: العميل يستبعد الباقة الأسرع ثم يختار الباقة عبر وصف ميزتها ('the one with the free router upgrade') لا بترديد اسمها.. إعادة صياغة تطابق قاعدة المعيار §5، ويربط الطالب الوصف باسم Home Plus من كلام الوكيل السابق.

    ليش الباقي خطأ: A (Essential): تُذكر كخيار أساسي لكنها لا تُختار ولا تتضمن ترقية الراوتر. C (Ultra): يستبعدها العميل بوضوح لأنه لا يحتاج أسرع باقة (بريد إلكتروني وقليل من البث فقط).

نص الاستماع (Transcript).. Part 1

Owen, customer-service agent: Good morning, NetLink Home, this is Owen speaking. How can I help you today?

Toni (Antonia) Harrison, customer: Hi there, I'd like to book an installation for home internet, please.

Owen, customer-service agent: Of course, no problem. Let me just take a few details first. Could I have your first name and surname, please?

Toni (Antonia) Harrison, customer: Yes, it's Antonia.. Antonia Harrison.

Owen, customer-service agent: Great, and can you spell your surname for me, just to be sure I've got it right?

Toni (Antonia) Harrison, customer: Sure, it's H-A-R-R-I-S-O-N.

Owen, customer-service agent: Is that "H" for hotel?

Toni (Antonia) Harrison, customer: Yes, that's right.

Owen, customer-service agent: Perfect, thanks Antonia. And could you confirm your first name for me, exactly as it should appear on the account?

Toni (Antonia) Harrison, customer: It's Antonia, A-N-T-O-N-I-A.. though everyone just calls me Toni.

Owen, customer-service agent: Lovely. Now, could I take the address where you'd like the installation carried out?

Toni (Antonia) Harrison, customer: Yes, it's number forty-two.

Owen, customer-service agent: And the street name?

Toni (Antonia) Harrison, customer: It's Wrenfield Close.

Owen, customer-service agent: Sorry, would you mind spelling that for me? I want to make absolutely sure I've got it right before it goes on the work order.

Toni (Antonia) Harrison, customer: Yes, of course.. W-R-E-N-F-I-E-L-D, then Close.

Owen, customer-service agent: W-R-E-N-F-I-E-L-D... got it, Wrenfield Close. Thank you.

Owen, customer-service agent: And your postcode?

Toni (Antonia) Harrison, customer: It's BT4 2QR.

Owen, customer-service agent: BT4 2QR.. thank you, that's noted.

Owen, customer-service agent: Are you currently with another internet provider?

Toni (Antonia) Harrison, customer: Yes, we're with Skyline Broadband at the moment, but the connection's been really unreliable, which is why we're switching.

Owen, customer-service agent: I see, well hopefully we can sort that out for you. Could I take a mobile number, just in case we need to reach you before the appointment?

Toni (Antonia) Harrison, customer: Yeah, it's 0791 234 8856.

Owen, customer-service agent: 0791 234 8856.. got it.

Owen, customer-service agent: Right, let's move on to booking your installation slot. Are you free next Tuesday?

Toni (Antonia) Harrison, customer: Tuesday should be fine, yes, that works for us.

Owen, customer-service agent: Great. And for the time.. we have a morning slot at nine, or we could do two o'clock in the afternoon.

Toni (Antonia) Harrison, customer: Let's go with two in the afternoon.. actually, sorry, hold on, my partner's just reminded me we've got a dentist appointment right around then. Could we make it four o'clock instead?

Owen, customer-service agent: Four o'clock, that's absolutely fine, I'll pop that in the system.

Owen, customer-service agent: Now, before I let you go, we do need to sort out the equipment cost and your first bill. Your package will be twenty-eight pounds a month, and there's also a one-off equipment fee of fifteen pounds for the new router.

Toni (Antonia) Harrison, customer: Okay, and can I just pay that separately, or does it go on the bill?

Owen, customer-service agent: You can add it to your first bill if you like.

Toni (Antonia) Harrison, customer: Let's do that, then.

Owen, customer-service agent: No problem.. so your very first bill will actually come to forty-three pounds, since that includes the fifteen-pound router fee on top of the usual twenty-eight. After that, it'll just be the standard twenty-eight pounds a month going forward.

Owen, customer-service agent: One last thing.. we have three broadband packages available. There's Essential, which is our basic package for light browsing; Home Plus, which includes a free router upgrade and is suited to streaming; and Ultra, our fastest option, designed for gaming and multiple heavy users at once.

Toni (Antonia) Harrison, customer: We mostly just do emails and a bit of streaming in the evenings, so I don't think we need the fastest one.. but the one with the free router upgrade sounds useful actually. Let's go with that one.

Owen, customer-service agent: Great choice, I'll set that up for you now.

Part 2

A monologue. The volunteer coordinator at a city food bank gives an induction talk to new volunteers.

Complete the notes below. Write NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS AND/OR A NUMBER for each answer.

Riverside Community Food Bank.. Induction Notes

Address: 12 (11) ________

Open to public: Monday, Wednesday, (12) ________

Next training session day: (13) ________

Training session time: (14) ________

Bring on first day: (15) ________

  1. 11Question 11

    اعرض الإجابة

    Mill Lane

    "the food bank itself is based at number twelve, Mill Lane, just behind the community centre."

    ليش صحيح: اسم الشارع مذكور مباشرة كإجابة على وصف الموقع، أول معلومة في المونولوج.

    ليش الباقي خطأ: 'the community centre' نقطة مرجعية للموقع وليست اسم العنوان المطلوب في الفراغ.

  2. 12Question 12

    اعرض الإجابة

    Friday

    "We're open to members of the public three days a week.. Monday, Wednesday, and Friday, from ten until two."

    ليش صحيح: الأيام الثلاثة تُذكر بالترتيب، والفراغ هو اليوم الثالث بعد الاثنين والأربعاء.

    ليش الباقي خطأ: 'Monday' و'Wednesday' مذكوران مسبقًا في نفس الجملة وليسا الفراغ المطلوب.

  3. 13Question 13

    اعرض الإجابة

    Thursday

    "The next session runs this Thursday at eleven."

    ليش صحيح: يوم الجلسة يُذكر بوضوح مباشرة بعد شرح إلزامية التدريب.

    ليش الباقي خطأ: لا يوجد يوم منافس مذكور لهذه الجلسة.

  4. 14Question 14

    اعرض الإجابة

    11 / eleven

    "The next session runs this Thursday at eleven."

    ليش صحيح: الوقت مذكور في نفس الجملة مباشرة بعد اليوم.

    ليش الباقي خطأ: لا يوجد وقت منافس لهذه الجلسة.

  5. 15Question 15

    اعرض الإجابة

    photo ID

    "you'll also need to bring some photo ID with you on your first proper shift.. a driving licence or a passport is fine"

    ليش صحيح: العبارة مذكورة حرفيًا كإجابة مباشرة على متطلبات اليوم الأول.

    ليش الباقي خطأ: 'driving licence'/'passport' أمثلة على نوع الهوية وليست المصطلح العام المطلوب في الفراغ.

Which day does each volunteer role run on? Choose your answers from the box and write the correct letter, A-F, next to questions 16-20.

Days

  • AMonday
  • BTuesday
  • CWednesday
  • DThursday
  • EFriday
  • FSaturday

  1. 16Sorting donations

    اعرض الإجابة

    A.. Monday

    "the role is officially scheduled on Mondays, because that's when most of the weekend's donations come in"

    ليش صحيح: عبارة 'officially scheduled on Mondays' تحدد اليوم الرسمي المجدوَل لهذا الدور بوضوح تام.

    ليش الباقي خطأ: 'throughout the week' فخ قريب الشبه.. فرز غير رسمي يحدث طوال الأسبوع فعلاً، لكن السؤال يطلب اليوم المجدوَل رسميًا تحديدًا وهو الاثنين فقط.

  2. 17Reception duty

    اعرض الإجابة

    C.. Wednesday

    "that one only runs on Wednesdays, since that's our busiest day for walk-ins."

    ليش صحيح: كلمة 'only' تحصر هذه المهمة بيوم واحد محدد بوضوح تام.

    ليش الباقي خطأ: لا يوجد يوم منافس مباشر مذكور لهذه المهمة تحديدًا.

  3. 18Collection / delivery driving

    اعرض الإجابة

    E.. Friday

    "that's specifically a Friday job, timed around the supermarkets' stock rotations."

    ليش صحيح: كلمة 'specifically' تربط المهمة بيوم الجمعة حصرًا مع سبب منطقي.

    ليش الباقي خطأ: لا يوجد يوم منافس؛ الخطر هو الخلط مع يوم الفرز (الاثنين) لأنهما متعلقان بالمواد الغذائية.

  4. 19Client needs interviews

    اعرض الإجابة

    B.. Tuesday

    "Those happen on Tuesdays, even though we're closed to the public that day, simply because it's quieter"

    ليش صحيح: يُذكر يوم الثلاثاء صراحة مع تبرير منطقي (الهدوء) رغم إغلاق المركز للجمهور.

    ليش الباقي خطأ: 'Wednesday' هو يوم الاستقبال (لا المقابلات)؛ الخلط بينهما فخ رئيسي لأن كليهما يتضمن التحدث مع العملاء.

  5. 20Admin

    اعرض الإجابة

    D.. Thursday

    "we could really use someone for that every Thursday."

    ليش صحيح: يوم الخميس مذكور مباشرة كإجابة أخيرة.

    ليش الباقي خطأ: 'F (Saturday)' خيار زائد لا يُستخدم كإجابة، لكنه يحصل على مساحة صوتية فعلية.. بريا تذكر صراحة أن المركز مغلق أيام السبت والأحد ولا يوجد أي جدول خلال عطلة نهاية الأسبوع؛ اختياره خطأ لأنه يوم مغلق تمامًا وليس يوم عمل لأي دور.

نص الاستماع (Transcript).. Part 2

Priya, volunteer coordinator: Good morning, everyone, and welcome to Riverside Community Food Bank. My name's Priya, and I'm the volunteer coordinator here.. I'll talk you through how everything works before we get started today.

Priya, volunteer coordinator: So, first things first: the food bank itself is based at number twelve, Mill Lane, just behind the community centre. If you're driving, there's parking around the back, though it does fill up quickly, so it's worth arriving a little early.

Priya, volunteer coordinator: We're open to members of the public three days a week.. Monday, Wednesday, and Friday, from ten until two. Volunteers, though, are welcome any weekday, because there's always sorting and prep work going on behind the scenes even when we're closed to the public.

Priya, volunteer coordinator: Now, before anyone can start volunteering unsupervised, everyone needs to complete a short food-hygiene training session. That's a legal requirement for us, I'm afraid, not just a formality. The next session runs this Thursday at eleven.

Priya, volunteer coordinator: You'll also need to bring some photo ID with you on your first proper shift.. a driving licence or a passport is fine.. so that we can add you to our official volunteer register.

Priya, volunteer coordinator: Right, let me tell you a bit about the different roles we need help with, and which days each one runs. Just so you know, we're closed on Saturdays and Sundays, so nothing is ever scheduled over the weekend.

Priya, volunteer coordinator: Sorting donations.. checking use-by dates, weighing items, packing the shelves.. happens informally throughout the week, but the role is officially scheduled on Mondays, because that's when most of the weekend's donations come in and need processing quickly; it was originally going to run on Saturdays as well, but in the end we kept it to weekdays.

Priya, volunteer coordinator: Reception duty.. greeting clients as they arrive and checking them in against our list.. that one only runs on Wednesdays, since that's our busiest day for walk-ins.

Priya, volunteer coordinator: If any of you have a driving licence, we also run collection trips, picking up surplus food from local supermarkets before it gets thrown out.. that's specifically a Friday job, timed around the supermarkets' stock rotations.

Priya, volunteer coordinator: For anyone who's comfortable having a proper conversation with clients, we also run short needs assessments.. a kind of informal interview to work out what a family actually needs that week. Those happen on Tuesdays, even though we're closed to the public that day, simply because it's quieter, so it's a better environment for that sort of conversation.

Priya, volunteer coordinator: And finally, admin.. updating our records, answering phone enquiries, that sort of thing.. we could really use someone for that every Thursday.

Priya, volunteer coordinator: That's everything for the induction.. does anyone have any questions before we get started?

Part 3

A conversation. Two university students meet their tutor to discuss the report from their geology field trip.

Complete the sentences below. Write NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS for each answer.

The field trip was carried out at a (21) ________ near the coast.

The students used a (22) ________ to measure the dip of the rock layers.

According to Josh, the soil samples were collected using a (23) ________.

Mia says their most reliable data came from the (24) ________ section.

The tutor recommends adding a (25) ________ to show the location of the site.

  1. 21Question 21

    اعرض الإجابة

    disused quarry / quarry

    "We went to a disused quarry, just outside Seaford, right on the coast."

    ليش صحيح: العبارة تُذكر حرفيًا كإجابة مباشرة على سؤال المكان؛ 'disused' كلمة وصف اختيارية حسب اصطلاح الأقواس، لذا تُقبل 'quarry' وحدها أو 'disused quarry'.

    ليش الباقي خطأ: 'Seaford' اسم علم (بلدة) يصف الموقع العام وليس نوع الموقع المطلوب في الفراغ.

  2. 22Question 22

    اعرض الإجابة

    clinometer

    "We used a clinometer to measure the dip angle of each layer, and then took photographs as well."

    ليش صحيح: الأداة الأولى المذكورة هي الإجابة المباشرة على سؤال قياس طبقات الصخور.

    ليش الباقي خطأ: 'photographs' أداة توثيق إضافية لا تُستخدم لقياس زاوية الميل.. فخ قريب الشبه في نفس الجملة.

  3. 23Question 23

    اعرض الإجابة

    trowel

    "For those, we just used a trowel.. digging down about ten centimetres at each sampling point."

    ليش صحيح: الأداة تُذكر بوضوح كإجابة مباشرة على سؤال طريقة جمع عينات التربة.

    ليش الباقي خطأ: لا توجد أداة منافسة مذكورة لهذه المهمة تحديدًا.

  4. 24Question 24

    اعرض الإجابة

    erosion measurements

    "I think it's actually our erosion measurements.. we took readings at five separate points along the cliff face, so I feel pretty confident about that section."

    ليش صحيح: ميا تحدد هذا القسم صراحة بكلمة 'actually' مدعومة بسبب واضح (خمس نقاط قياس).

    ليش الباقي خطأ: 'rock samples analysis' لم يُذكر كأقوى قسم في هذا الجزء من الحوار.

  5. 25Question 25

    اعرض الإجابة

    sketch map

    "we could add a sketch map at the start of the report... Yes, a sketch map would help a lot."

    ليش صحيح: يُقترح الحل ويُوافَق عليه صراحة من الطرفين في نفس المقطع.

    ليش الباقي خطأ: لا يوجد اقتراح منافس آخر لحل مشكلة تحديد الموقع في هذا الجزء.

What does the report say about each of the following items? Write the correct letter, A, B or C, next to questions 26-30. You may choose any letter more than once.

A definitely include B might include C won't include

  • Adefinitely include
  • Bmight include
  • Cwon't include

  1. 26Photographs of rock layers

    اعرض الإجابة

    A.. definitely include

    "Definitely.. we've got some great close-ups of the rock layers, they're going straight in."

    ليش صحيح: كلمة 'Definitely' وعبارة 'going straight in' قرار نهائي قاطع بالتضمين.

    ليش الباقي خطأ: B: لا تردد في هذه الجملة يبرر 'قد تُدرج'. C: عكس ما قيل، فهي تُدرج فعلاً.

  2. 27Interview with local geologist

    اعرض الإجابة

    B.. might include

    "We tried to arrange an interview with a geologist from the university, but honestly, I'm not sure it'll come through in time.. we're still waiting to hear back from her."

    ليش صحيح: عبارتا 'not sure' و'still waiting to hear back' تدلان على عدم يقين.. تصنيف 'قد يُدرج'.

    ليش الباقي خطأ: A: لا قرار نهائي بالتضمين بعد. C: لم يُستبعد كليًا، فالمحاولة ما زالت قائمة.

  3. 28Weather conditions on the day

    اعرض الإجابة

    C.. won't include

    "I don't think so, actually. It doesn't really affect our results, so we've decided to leave it out of the final draft."

    ليش صحيح: قرار صريح ونهائي بالاستبعاد.

    ليش الباقي خطأ: A: عكس القرار الفعلي. B: لا تردد هنا، القرار حاسم وواضح.

  4. 29Comparison with a published study

    اعرض الإجابة

    A.. definitely include

    "Yes, definitely.. we found a study on this exact rock formation from a few years back, so we're going to compare our numbers directly against theirs."

    ليش صحيح: 'Yes, definitely' التزام قاطع ومباشر بالتضمين.

    ليش الباقي خطأ: B: لا تردد في الإجابة. C: عكس ما قيل تمامًا.

  5. 30Appendix of raw data

    اعرض الإجابة

    C.. won't include

    "We were going to, but our supervisor mentioned it's not actually required for a report this length, so we've dropped that idea."

    ليش صحيح: 'we've dropped that idea' قرار نهائي وواضح بعدم التضمين رغم نية سابقة بالتضمين.

    ليش الباقي خطأ: A: القرار الأول ('We were going to') قد يوهم مستمعًا متسرعًا، لكن الجملة تكتمل بتراجع صريح. B: لا يوجد تردد متبقٍ، القرار حُسم بالاستبعاد.

نص الاستماع (Transcript).. Part 3

Dr. Bennett, tutor: So, tell me about the report.. where exactly did you carry out the field trip?

Josh, student: We went to a disused quarry, just outside Seaford, right on the coast.

Dr. Bennett, tutor: And what equipment did you use to record the rock layers?

Mia, student: We used a clinometer to measure the dip angle of each layer, and then took photographs as well.

Dr. Bennett, tutor: How did you go about collecting your soil samples?

Josh, student: For those, we just used a trowel.. digging down about ten centimetres at each sampling point.

Dr. Bennett, tutor: Which part of your data do you feel is strongest, overall?

Mia, student: I think it's actually our erosion measurements.. we took readings at five separate points along the cliff face, so I feel pretty confident about that section.

Dr. Bennett, tutor: That's good to hear. One thing I'd suggest, though, is adding something so the reader can actually see where the quarry is located.

Josh, student: Good point.. we could add a sketch map at the start of the report.

Dr. Bennett, tutor: Yes, a sketch map would help a lot, I think.

Dr. Bennett, tutor: Let's go through what's actually going into the final report, then. What about photographs.. are those going in?

Mia, student: Definitely.. we've got some great close-ups of the rock layers, they're going straight in.

Dr. Bennett, tutor: Did you manage to speak to anyone local, a geologist, maybe?

Josh, student: We tried to arrange an interview with a geologist from the university, but honestly, I'm not sure it'll come through in time.. we're still waiting to hear back from her.

Dr. Bennett, tutor: And weather conditions on the day itself.. will you be mentioning those?

Mia, student: I don't think so, actually. It doesn't really affect our results, so we've decided to leave it out of the final draft.

Dr. Bennett, tutor: Are you planning to compare your findings with any published research?

Josh, student: Yes, definitely.. we found a study on this exact rock formation from a few years back, so we're going to compare our numbers directly against theirs.

Dr. Bennett, tutor: Last thing.. will you be including an appendix with all your raw data?

Mia, student: We were going to, but our supervisor mentioned it's not actually required for a report this length, so we've dropped that idea.

Dr. Bennett, tutor: Sounds like you're in good shape, then. Let's talk through the structure next...

Part 4

A lecture. A university lecturer traces the history of refrigeration and the development of the modern cold chain.

Complete the notes below. Write NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS AND/OR A NUMBER for each answer.

The History of Refrigeration and the Cold Chain

Ice was cut from frozen (31) ________ in New England

Ice was insulated with (32) ________ during shipping

Working prototype patented: (33) ________

Refrigerant gas used: (34) ________

Cold chain = controlled (35) ________ at every stage

  1. 31Question 31

    اعرض الإجابة

    lakes

    "large blocks were cut from frozen lakes in New England, in the northeastern United States"

    ليش صحيح: المصدر مذكور مباشرة كإجابة على من أين كان يُقطع الجليد؛ كلمة 'frozen' مطبوعة مسبقًا في الفراغ نفسه، لذا يُنقل الجزء الناقص 'lakes' فقط حسب قانون النقل §6 قاعدة 2.

    ليش الباقي خطأ: 'New England' منطقة جغرافية عامة وليست نوع المسطح المائي المطلوب في الفراغ؛ 'frozen lakes' أيضًا خطأ لأنه يكرر كلمة 'frozen' المطبوعة مسبقًا في النموذج ('frozen frozen lakes').

  2. 32Question 32

    اعرض الإجابة

    sawdust

    "ice blocks were packed tightly in sawdust, which turns out to be a surprisingly effective insulator"

    ليش صحيح: المادة مذكورة حرفيًا كإجابة مباشرة على سؤال طريقة العزل أثناء الشحن.

    ليش الباقي خطأ: لا توجد مادة عزل منافسة مذكورة في هذا المقطع.

  3. 33Question 33

    اعرض الإجابة

    1834

    "It wasn't until 1834 that a working prototype was actually patented, by the inventor Jacob Perkins."

    ليش صحيح: فخ تسلسل زمني: 1755 اقتراح نظري، 1834 نموذج عملي وبراءة اختراع فعلية، 1850s تصنيع تجاري؛ السؤال يستهدف سنة البراءة والنموذج العملي تحديدًا.

    ليش الباقي خطأ: '1755' سنة الاقتراح النظري فقط دون نموذج فعلي؛ '1850s' سنة بدء التصنيع التجاري وليست سنة اختراع النموذج الأول.

  4. 34Question 34

    اعرض الإجابة

    ammonia

    "The gas most commonly used at the time was ammonia"

    ليش صحيح: اسم الغاز مذكور مباشرة وبوضوح كإجابة على سؤال نوع الغاز المستخدم.

    ليش الباقي خطأ: لا يوجد غاز منافس مذكور في هذا المقطع.

  5. 35Question 35

    اعرض الإجابة

    temperature / consistent temperature

    "it became possible to keep perishable goods at a controlled, consistent temperature at every single stage"

    ليش صحيح: الكلمة المطلوبة مذكورة مباشرة ضمن شرح تعريف سلسلة التبريد نفسها؛ الصوت يقول 'a controlled, consistent temperature'، لذا تُقبل 'consistent temperature' أيضًا لأنها مسموعة حرفيًا وضمن حد الثلاث كلمات.

    ليش الباقي خطأ: لا توجد كلمة منافسة واضحة في هذا التعريف المحدد؛ 'controlled' وحدها غير كافية لأنها مطبوعة مسبقًا في الفراغ.

Answer the questions below. Write NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS AND/OR A NUMBER for each answer.

  1. 36What TWO industries were transformed first by reliable refrigerated transport? (in either order)

    اعرض الإجابة

    meat / dairy

    "meat and dairy were really the pioneers here. Refrigerated rail cars allowed meat to be shipped from the American Midwest to cities on the East Coast without spoiling, and dairy producers followed shortly after"

    ليش صحيح: الصناعتان تُذكران معًا صراحة كإجابة، وتُقبل الإجابتان بأي ترتيب حسب قاعدة 'in either order' §6.. كل من الفراغين 36 و37 يقبل 'meat' أو 'dairy' في مصفوفة الإجابة حتى يعمل التصحيح الآلي الحرفي بشكل صحيح بغض النظر عن أي الفراغ يكتب الطالب فيه أيّ كلمة.

    ليش الباقي خطأ: لا يوجد قطاع ثالث منافس يُذكر في هذه الجملة تحديدًا؛ كتابة نفس الصناعة في الفراغين معًا (مثل 'meat' في 36 و37) تُفقد نصف الدرجة لأن السؤال يطلب صناعتين مختلفتين.

  2. 37What TWO industries were transformed first by reliable refrigerated transport? (in either order)

    اعرض الإجابة

    meat / dairy

    "meat and dairy were really the pioneers here... dairy producers followed shortly after, sending milk much further than had ever been possible before."

    ليش صحيح: الصناعتان تُذكران معًا صراحة كإجابة، وتُقبل الإجابتان بأي ترتيب حسب قاعدة 'in either order' §6.. كل من الفراغين 36 و37 يقبل 'meat' أو 'dairy' في مصفوفة الإجابة حتى يعمل التصحيح الآلي الحرفي بشكل صحيح بغض النظر عن أي الفراغ يكتب الطالب فيه أيّ كلمة.

    ليش الباقي خطأ: لا يوجد قطاع ثالث منافس يُذكر في هذه الجملة تحديدًا؛ كتابة نفس الصناعة في الفراغين معًا (مثل 'meat' في 36 و37) تُفقد نصف الدرجة لأن السؤال يطلب صناعتين مختلفتين.

  3. 38What was the single biggest obstacle to early refrigerated shipping?

    اعرض الإجابة

    constant temperature

    "It was maintaining a constant temperature.. any fluctuation, even a brief one, could spoil an entire shipment"

    ليش صحيح: العبارة تُذكر مباشرة كإجابة على سؤال 'أكبر عائق' مدعومة بشرح للسبب.

    ليش الباقي خطأ: لا يوجد عائق منافس آخر مذكور في هذه الجملة تحديدًا.

  4. 39What organisation is credited with establishing the first global vaccine cold chain in the 1970s?

    اعرض الإجابة

    World Health Organization / WHO

    "It was the World Health Organization, as part of its smallpox eradication programme"

    ليش صحيح: اسم المنظمة مذكور بوضوح كإجابة مباشرة على السؤال.

    ليش الباقي خطأ: 'smallpox eradication programme' اسم البرنامج نفسه وليس اسم المنظمة المطلوبة.

  5. 40What technology are researchers currently developing to reduce the cold chain's environmental impact?

    اعرض الإجابة

    solar-powered refrigeration / solar refrigeration / solar-powered refrigeration units

    "There's a lot of work going into solar-powered refrigeration units, particularly for use in areas without a reliable electricity grid."

    ليش صحيح: التقنية مذكورة مباشرة كإجابة ختامية على سؤال المستقبل.

    ليش الباقي خطأ: لا توجد تقنية منافسة أخرى تُذكر في هذا المقطع الختامي.

نص الاستماع (Transcript).. Part 4

Professor Ellis, lecturer: Good afternoon, everyone. Today I want to take you through the history of refrigeration.. and specifically, how it created what we now call the cold chain: the unbroken sequence of refrigerated storage and transport that keeps food and medicine safe from production all the way to the consumer.

Professor Ellis, lecturer: Let's start with the ice trade. Long before mechanical refrigeration existed, ice itself was a valuable commodity. In the early eighteen-hundreds, large blocks were cut from frozen lakes in New England, in the northeastern United States, and shipped as far afield as the Caribbean, and even India.

Professor Ellis, lecturer: Now, transporting ice over such long distances without it melting away was no small feat. The trick was insulation: ice blocks were packed tightly in sawdust, which turns out to be a surprisingly effective insulator, and this kept losses down to a manageable level even on voyages that lasted months.

Professor Ellis, lecturer: Moving on to mechanical refrigeration.. the idea of a machine that could produce artificial cooling was actually first proposed back in 1755, by a Scottish scientist, though at that stage it remained purely theoretical. It wasn't until 1834 that a working prototype was actually patented, by the inventor Jacob Perkins. Commercial manufacturing, though, didn't really take off until the 1850s, once the technology had been properly refined.

Professor Ellis, lecturer: These early machines relied on a refrigerant gas to carry heat away from the space being cooled. The gas most commonly used at the time was ammonia.. effective, though not without its safety issues, given how toxic it is if it happens to leak.

Professor Ellis, lecturer: So how did all this lead to the cold chain? Well, once refrigeration could be reliably mechanised, it became possible to keep perishable goods at a controlled, consistent temperature at every single stage.. from the farm, through storage and transport, right up to the shop shelf. That unbroken sequence is what we mean by the cold chain today.

Professor Ellis, lecturer: Now, the cold chain didn't just change how food was stored.. it transformed entire industries. Let's look at a couple of examples. Two sectors in particular felt the earliest impact of reliable refrigerated transport: meat and dairy were really the pioneers here. Refrigerated rail cars allowed meat to be shipped from the American Midwest to cities on the East Coast without spoiling, and dairy producers followed shortly after, sending milk much further than had ever been possible before.

Professor Ellis, lecturer: There were, however, real challenges along the way. By far the biggest headache for early operators was maintaining a constant temperature.. any fluctuation, even a brief one, could spoil an entire shipment, and early refrigeration units simply weren't precise enough to prevent that.

Professor Ellis, lecturer: Vaccines are another area entirely reliant on the cold chain today. Back in the 1970s, credit for establishing the first global vaccine cold chain goes to the World Health Organization, as part of its smallpox eradication programme.. they had to keep vaccines refrigerated across some incredibly remote regions of the world.

Professor Ellis, lecturer: And finally, looking ahead, one focus of current research is cutting the cold chain's environmental impact.. there's a lot of work going into solar-powered refrigeration units, particularly for use in areas without a reliable electricity grid.

Professor Ellis, lecturer: That brings us to the end of today's lecture.. next week we'll look at how the cold chain intersects with global food security...

الكتابة.. Writing

مهمتان في 60 دقيقة: Task 1 (20 دقيقة، 150 كلمة على الأقل) وTask 2 (40 دقيقة، 250 كلمة على الأقل).

ابدأ الاختبار التفاعلي بالوقت

Writing Task 1

The line graph below shows the number of international students enrolled in four English-speaking countries.. the United States, the United Kingdom, Australia and Canada.. between 2000 and 2025. Summarise the information by selecting and reporting the main features, and make comparisons where relevant. Write at least 150 words.

International student enrolment in four English-speaking countries, 2000–2025 (students (thousands))
200020052010201520202025
USA150170190205208210
UK95130175210230245
Australia6080100115125130
Canada40557595115120
اعرض الإجابة النموذجية (Band 9)

The line graph compares the number of international students enrolled in the United States, the United Kingdom, Australia and Canada from 2000 to 2025, measured in thousands. Overall, the United Kingdom overtook the United States to become the leading destination for international students, while American enrolment plateaued after 2015; Australia and Canada expanded more modestly throughout, with Canada remaining the smallest recipient for the entire period. In 2000, the United States led all four countries with 150,000 international students, considerably ahead of the United Kingdom (95,000), Australia (60,000) and Canada (40,000). Over the following decade, all four countries recorded steady growth, and by 2010 the American figure had risen to 190,000 while the British figure had climbed sharply to 175,000, narrowing the gap considerably. Between 2010 and 2015, the United Kingdom overtook the United States, reaching 210,000 against 205,000, and it continued to widen this lead, peaking at 245,000 in 2025. By contrast, American enrolment plateaued from 2015 onwards, edging up only marginally to reach 210,000 by the end of the period. Australia and Canada followed comparatively gentle upward trajectories throughout, rising from 60,000 to 130,000 and from 40,000 to 120,000 respectively, with Canada consistently trailing behind the other three destinations.

Task Achievement: presents a clear overview naming both the crossover (UK overtaking USA) and the plateau (USA flattening after 2015) before citing any figure, and stays strictly inside the given data with no outside speculation. Coherence & Cohesion: the message can be followed effortlessly across four time-anchored paragraphs linked with reference devices (By contrast, respectively) rather than mechanical connectors. Lexical Resource: full flexibility and precise, sophisticated trend vocabulary (climbed sharply, overtook, plateaued, edging up marginally) drawn from the DK trend-vocabulary families without repetition. Grammatical Range & Accuracy: past tense appropriate to the historical time-frame, wide range of structures used with full flexibility and accuracy, rare minor errors only as slips. DK technique: the Task 1 template (القوالب) four-slot skeleton.. graph type + reworded question + overview; group 1 events; group 2 events; closing comparison.. with fresh, error-free filler language.

قائمة الفحص للتقييم الذاتي
  • TAهل قدمت جملة overview واضحة تذكر أهم اتجاهين (التجاوز والثبات) قبل أي رقم؟
  • TAهل اخترت العناصر الأربعة كلها لكن ركزت على أبرز حدثين فقط (التجاوز + الثبات) بدل سرد كل رقم؟
  • TAهل دعمت كل مقارنة برقم فعلي من الجدول ولم تخترع أي معلومة خارج البيانات؟
  • CCهل قسّمت إجابتك إلى فقرات زمنية واضحة مع انتقال منطقي بينها (مقدمة – فترة أولى – فترة ثانية – خاتمة)؟
  • LRهل استخدمت مفردات اتجاه متنوعة (climbed / overtook / plateaued) بدل تكرار increase/decrease فقط؟
  • GRAهل استخدمت زمن الماضي المناسب للإطار الزمني التاريخي للرسم البياني طوال الإجابة؟

Writing Task 2

Write about the following topic: Some people rarely visit museums or heritage sites, while others make a point of going regularly. Why do you think many people rarely visit museums or heritage sites? What can museums do to attract more young visitors? Give reasons for your answer and include any relevant examples from your own knowledge or experience. Write at least 250 words.

اعرض الإجابة النموذجية (Band 9)

There is no doubt that, in an age dominated by digital entertainment, museums and heritage sites struggle to draw the crowds they once did. The question is, why do so many people rarely set foot in a museum, and what can these institutions do to draw in a younger audience? In this essay, I am going to examine the main reasons behind this reluctance before suggesting several practical measures museums could adopt. In terms of the reasons for low attendance, the most significant factor is that many people simply perceive museums as static and irrelevant to their daily lives. The main reason given to support this claim is that traditional exhibits often consist of little more than glass cases and printed labels, offering visitors no active role in the experience. To illustrate, a teenager absorbed in an immersive video game at home is unlikely to be enticed by a silent room of artefacts. In other words, without interactivity, museums fail to compete with the sensory richness of modern entertainment. A secondary cause is cost and inconvenience; entrance fees, combined with limited opening hours that clash with work and school schedules, discourage even genuinely curious visitors from making the trip. Turning to what museums can do, the most effective strategy is to embrace technology directly within the exhibition space. Firstly, augmented-reality guides and interactive touchscreens allow visitors to manipulate three-dimensional models of artefacts, transforming passive viewing into active discovery. In other words, technology bridges the gap between historical content and the digital habits of younger generations. Secondly, museums should collaborate with schools and social-media influencers to design themed events, such as after-hours gaming nights or visually striking installations. This is because peer recommendation and online visibility carry far greater weight with young people than conventional advertising. In conclusion, it is evident that a combination of static presentation and practical barriers explains why many people rarely visit museums, while imaginative use of technology and social engagement offers the clearest route to attracting a younger audience. Cultural institutions must ensure steps are taken to prevent this decline from deepening in the years ahead.

Task Response: the prompt is appropriately addressed and explored in depth.. both parts of the two-part question receive a full, separately-signposted paragraph, avoiding the classic Band-4/6 divider where the first part of the task is not addressed. A clear and fully developed position directly answers both question parts from the introduction onward. Coherence & Cohesion: progression is signalled at whole-essay level and within each paragraph (Firstly/Secondly/In other words/This is because), well-managed sequencing without over-using sequencers. Lexical Resource: sophisticated control of collocations and less-common items (draw the crowds, sensory richness, peer recommendation, deepening decline) with rare minor errors. Grammatical Range & Accuracy: a genuine mix of complex forms alongside error-free simple sentences, wide range used with full flexibility and accuracy. DK technique: the Task 2 template (enumerative conclusion form).. intro slot, two body blocks each built on فكرة/سبب/مثال/شرح, enumerative-form conclusion.. question identified as DK's النوع الثاني (causes + solutions).

قائمة الفحص للتقييم الذاتي
  • TRهل أجبت على جزئي السؤال (لماذا يتجنب البعض المتاحف + ماذا يمكن للمتاحف أن تفعل) بفقرة منفصلة لكل جزء؟
  • TRهل ظهر موقفك العام (الفكرة الرئيسية للسببين والحلين) بوضوح في المقدمة قبل التفاصيل؟
  • TRهل دعمت كل فكرة رئيسية بسبب (لماذا صحيح) ومثال ملموس (To illustrate)؟
  • CCهل استخدمت أدوات ربط متنوعة (Firstly/Secondly/In other words) دون التكرار الممل لنفس الأداة؟
  • LRهل استخدمت مفردات أقل شيوعا وتراكيب لغوية دقيقة (collocations) بدل الكلمات البسيطة المكررة؟
  • GRAهل نوّعت بين جمل بسيطة ومركبة وراجعت القواعد (الأزمنة، حروف الجر) قبل التسليم؟
  • TRهل التزمت بحد 250 كلمة كحد أدنى دون نسخ أي جملة من نص السؤال (تجنب الفخ)؟

المحادثة.. Speaking

3 أجزاء في 14 دقيقة تقريبًا.

ابدأ الاختبار التفاعلي بالوقت

Part 1 (4-5 min)

Let's talk about your work or studies.

  • Do you work or are you a student at the moment?
  • What is your job, or what do you study? (Why?)
  • What do you enjoy most about your work or studies?
  • Is it very different from what you originally planned to do?

Now let's move on to talk about the weather and seasons.

  • What's the weather like in your country at this time of year?
  • Which season do you like best? (Why?)
  • Does the weather affect your daily routine much?
  • Has the weather in your area changed over the years?

Part 2 (cue card)

Alright? Remember you have one to two minutes for this, so don't worry if I stop you. I'll tell you when the time is up.

Describe a place you go to when you want to relax.

  • where this place is
  • how often you go there
  • what you do there

and explain why this place helps you relax.

You will have to talk about the topic for one to two minutes. · You have one minute to think about what you're going to say. · You can make some notes to help you if you wish.

Rounding-off questions

  • Do you think everyone needs a place like this?
  • Would you recommend this place to a friend who is stressed?

Part 3

We've been talking about a place you go to when you want to relax. I'd like to discuss with you one or two more general questions relating to this topic.

Let's consider first of all public spaces in cities. 1. What kinds of public spaces do people use to relax in your country? 2. Have public spaces changed since your parents' generation? 3. Why do you think public spaces are important for a city?

  • What kinds of public spaces do people use to relax in your country?
  • Have public spaces changed since your parents' generation?
  • Why do you think public spaces are important for a city?
  • You mentioned parks.. is that something most people your age use, or mainly older people?
  • So it sounds like these spaces are newer than they used to be.. do you think cities will keep building more of them?
  • Can you tell me a little bit more about that? And do you think public spaces will become more or less important as cities grow?

Now let's talk about city life more generally. 1. Do you think city life makes it harder for people to relax? 2. Should governments invest more in public spaces for relaxation? 3. How do you think cities will address stress and relaxation in the future?

  • Do you think city life makes it harder for people to relax?
  • Should governments invest more in public spaces for relaxation?
  • How do you think cities will address stress and relaxation in the future?
  • Is that true for most people you know, or just for you personally?
  • Has that pressure always existed, or is it a fairly recent development?
  • What do you think of this way of thinking.. that cities are naturally more stressful? And do you think that will change?
اعرض الإجابة النموذجية.. Part 2 (Band 6)

OK, so, the place I want to talk about is actually a small café near my house.. it's, um, it's not far, maybe five to ten minutes' walk. I go there maybe two or three times a week, usually in the evening, after work, when I am.. when I'm free. What I do there is, I just sit outside and drink coffee, and sometimes I bring a book, but honestly I don't always read it! I just like watching people walk past, it's, er, how do you say, it's relaxing to just watch, not doing nothing, just watching. Sometimes I bring my phone too and I look at, um, social media, but not too much because then it's not relaxing anymore, it's more like work. And, um, the reason it helps me relax, I think, is because it's quiet.. well, not completely quiet, but it's not stressful, nobody is in a hurry there, everybody just sitting, drinking, talking slow. It's different from my work, where everything is fast, my boss always want everything now now. So the café, it's the opposite, and that's why I like it so much, I think. So yeah, that's basically why I go there when I want to relax, and also because the coffee is very good, ha, that's important too.

FC: keeps going and demonstrates a willingness to produce long turns across nearly 220 words, but coherence may be lost at times through hesitation.. the false start 'when I am.. when I'm free', the word-search 'it's, er, how do you say', and functionless repetition ('now now', restarted clauses).. with discourse markers ('um', 'so yeah') not always used appropriately. LR: sufficient to discuss topics at length; 'not doing nothing' is a mildly non-standard word choice but meaning is clear; 'nobody is in a hurry there' remains an adequate paraphrase, meeting 'generally able to paraphrase successfully'. GRA: mix of short and complex forms with limited flexibility.. at least four subordinate/complex structures attempted (the time clause 'when I'm free', two causal 'because' clauses, and the relative clause 'where everything is fast').. but complex structures carry frequent errors ('my boss always want', comma-spliced run-ons) that rarely impede communication, with accuracy holding up best in the simple sentences ('I go there maybe two or three times a week'). P: chunking generally appropriate; rhythm dips slightly around the hesitation markers but stays intelligible without much listener effort.. band 6 across all four criteria.

اعرض الإجابة النموذجية.. Part 2 (Band 8)

The place I go to when I want to relax is a small rooftop garden that a friend of mine set up on top of her building.. well, 'garden' is probably too grand a word for it, really it's just a dozen potted plants and a couple of deckchairs, but it does the job. It's about fifteen minutes from where I live, so it's not exactly on my doorstep, but it's worth the trip. I try to go there once a week, usually on a Friday afternoon before things get busy again, although if I've had a particularly hectic week I might sneak up there twice. When I'm there, I mostly just sit with a coffee and read, or occasionally chat with whoever else has dropped by, because it's become a bit of an informal gathering spot for a handful of us who live nearby. Sometimes somebody brings up a speaker and we listen to music quietly in the background, though nobody ever puts anything too loud on. What makes it genuinely relaxing, I'd say, isn't just the greenery.. although that helps.. it's more that there's an unspoken rule that nobody talks about work up there; the moment somebody mentions a deadline, someone else will jokingly shut them down. So it's almost like a mental switch gets flipped the instant I climb those stairs, and whatever's been on my mind during the week just sort of dissolves for an hour or two. I think everyone needs somewhere like that.. a space that's entirely separate from your usual routine, where the rules are different and nobody expects anything of you. Without it, I honestly don't think I'd cope nearly as well from how demanding my job can get.

FC: fluent, rare repetition or self-correction.. the single self-correcting qualification ('well, garden is probably too grand a word for it...') is the rare instance the band allows, not a pattern; extended topic development stays coherent across all three bullets and the explain-line via flexible connectors ('although that helps', 'the moment somebody mentions a deadline'). LR: wide, ready and flexible; idiomatic items like 'a bit of an informal gathering spot' and 'a mental switch gets flipped' show skilful use of less common and idiomatic items, despite occasional inaccuracies in word choice and collocation.. the slightly off preposition in 'cope nearly as well from how demanding my job can get' (rather than 'cope with') is exactly such an occasional inaccuracy. GRA: wide range, flexible, majority of sentences error-free; embedded relative clause ('a rooftop garden that a friend of mine set up'), a fronted concession clause ('although that helps'), and a semicolon-linked clause show range without strain, with only the isolated preposition slip noted above. P: flexible use of stress and intonation across long utterances sustains through the extended final sentences with only the natural pause before 'so it's almost like'.. band 8 across all four criteria.

اعرض الإجابة النموذجية.. Part 3 (Band 8)

Examiner: Do you think city life makes it harder for people to relax? Candidate: I'd say it does, generally speaking, though it depends a lot on the city. In my experience, the sheer pace of things.. traffic, noise, everyone rushing.. means people have to actively carve out time to switch off, rather than it happening naturally. My grandparents, for instance, lived in a much smaller town, and relaxing wasn't really a separate activity for them; the pace of daily life was slow enough already. Examiner: Is that a new development, then.. this need to "actively carve out time"? Candidate: I think it's become more pronounced, yes. Cities have grown so quickly that public space per person has shrunk, so people end up competing for the same limited quiet spots. I imagine that as cities keep densifying, this pressure will only increase, unless local governments deliberately protect green or quiet spaces rather than building over them.

FC: coherent, appropriate and relevant topic development sustained across the full exchange; the qualifying hedge ('though it depends a lot on the city') is content-related nuancing, not self-correction, consistent with band 8's rare repetition/self-correction. LR: precise, low-frequency collocations.. 'carve out time', 'densifying', 'competing for the same limited quiet spots'.. demonstrating 'skilful use of less common and idiomatic items ... despite occasional inaccuracies in word choice and collocation'; band 8 LR verbatim. GRA: complex subordination handled with control ('unless local governments deliberately protect green or quiet spaces rather than building over them'.. a conditional plus a comparative clause in one sentence).. wide range, majority of sentences error-free. Task design: the exchange executes the full abstraction grid in one pass.. personal (grandparents) to societal (cities generally) to speculative (future densification), and describe (pace of things) to evaluate (competing for space) to speculate (pressure will increase).. matching speaking.md §6 exactly.. band 8 across all criteria.

قائمة الفحص للتقييم الذاتي
  • FCهل واصلت الحديث دون توقف طويل بحثًا عن كلمة؟ (لا صمت أطول من ثانيتين تقريبًا)
  • FCهل استخدمت روابط منطقية بين الجمل (because, although, so, however) بدل تكرار 'and then… and then'؟
  • LRهل أعدت صياغة أي سؤال بدل تكرار كلماته حرفيًا؟
  • LRهل جربت كلمة أو تعبيرًا جديدًا بدل الاعتماد فقط على 'good / nice / interesting'؟
  • GRAهل استخدمت جملة مركّبة واحدة على الأقل في كل إجابة طويلة (بند 2 وبند 3)؟
  • GRAهل راجعت زمن الأفعال (الماضي مع التجارب الشخصية، المستقبل مع التوقعات في القسم الثالث)؟
  • Pهل قسّمت كلامك إلى مجموعات معنى واضحة (chunking) بدل كلام متصل بلا فواصل؟
  • Pهل نطقت الكلمات المفتاحية في السؤال بوضوح كافٍ يفهمه المستمع دون مجهود؟